So this episode of installing the needle was described very elaborately and very, so to say, extensively. However, my position is somewhat distinctive. Later, after a few days, when the arrangements improved, proper dining tents were set up, proper sanitary and hygienic practices were put in place. I understand this myself; scientific stewardship is a problem. In my safe is a record of telephone conversations between the operators on the eve of the accident. [5][7] Despite lacking information about the state of the reactor, Legasov proposed and managed the effort to extinguish the reactor fire which would otherwise release a massive amount of radiation,[11] although the team was in continual discussions with other scientists by telephone. Whenever we came to some reasonable scientific decisions, the leadership of the Government Commission was able to, with the help of the Operative Group or one of its members, instantly obtain all the necessary materials that we needed in order to implement it in a fantastically short time, literally within days, and sometimes hours. For at least five years, there have been long talks about creating diagnostic systems for the most critical equipment nothing has been done. And when I visited the Chernobyl station after the accident and saw what was happening there, I myself drew a precise and unequivocal conclusion, that the Chernobyl disaster is an apotheosis, the pinnacle of all the mismanagement that has been carried out for decades in our country. We encountered such cases as well. As is my nature, I started to research this question and be more active in certain situations, to speak about the necessity of the next generation of reactors to be safer; say TTER reactors or liquid salt reactors that I was trying to present as the next steps towards safer reactors. The explosion happened in such a way that Pripyat was bypassed from both sides [by the fallout]. Valery Alekseyevich Legasov ( bahasa Rusia: ; 1 September 1936 - 27 April 1988) adalah kimawan anorganik dan anggota Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Uni Soviet. This third element was requested by the Finns. This was quite unexpected. The maximum temperature recorded there was around 2,000 degrees. It seemed new to me, although not entirely new because both of them had already been tried by the Americans. I saw this; it bothered me. At this time my driver, as planned, brought my wife back from her job. Yes. This is the problem. He arrived. All this taken together was very unpleasant, and at the same time, hardly unique or specific to the nuclear energy industry alone. All this was readied but never went into action. Basically, it was uncomfortable for him to refuse this money, but at the same time, the cash form of the prize itself did not really please him. So the main work was undertaken by Abaghian Armen Artavazdovich, the Director of VNIIAES, the Institute of Atomic Energy Stations, that is presently under the Ministry of Atomic Energy and was under the Ministry of Energy earlier. It was led by the chairman. Then the transfer, unwarranted transfer of experience from the military industry to domestic infrastructure. Yes, he wasnt. This again was related to the first reason, the rush, with the necessity for a high pace of development of nuclear devices. However, on the other hand, it was plain to see how he crumpled that package of money, not like a prize. What is the real situation there? In response to this, I outlined the situation for him; that basicallyas it was after the 2nd of May; the call was around the 4th or 5th of Maythe radiation emissions from the destroyed block have ceased, and the situation is currently under control. They retired him. All this must be described in the most thorough and detailed manner. This decision was never implemented, but such words were said. During this time the Operative group was constantly trying to provide maximum protection for the people and judging from possible degrees of contamination decide on a compensation amount that would be necessary for the evacuees. [19] Upon returning from Chernobyl for the second time on 12 May, he was a changed man, suffering from severe grief and radiation sickness. But this work was unfortunately suspended at the very beginning, initially because of a serious illness of Aleksander Sergeyevich Kachanov and an inability to find an equivalent replacement, and then because of the subsequent Chernobyl events. The group led by Evgeny Ivanovich Vorobiev was assigned to handle all the medical problems. But how to construct the concrete plate under the reactor - this was totally unknown to us. He never said how much he got. This was the so-called road to development. When I arrived there for the first time, I witnessed a grim scene because the first proper dosimetric posts were set up there. And the Government Commission itself remained in Pripyat. And teams had already been put in place beforehand. The RBMK reactor was not equipped with such a second protection system that was operator-independent and not part of the control system. It had already been decided to assign the construction of the sarcophagus to SU 605, a department in the Ministry of Medium Machine Building; and that a thorough assessment of the internal condition of reactor number 4 had to be carried out, of the structural soundness of its remaining building, so that the project could rely on some analysis, on some verified data. And there was a lot of talk about lead poisoning. Do you understand? Here is an approximate composition of the Government, In the air, the conversations were alarming. This was in the late 50s. So General Berdov, who had arrived from Kiev, ordered that all policemen will go to every flat and inform that no one should go outdoors until the next day and should stay at home. There was military acceptance of each piece of equipment, specially trained personnel, the highest requirements, etc. But RBMK, there was only the Leningrad station initially and, yes, Chernobyl and thats all. Except for Nikolai Ivanovich Rizhkov, the Operative group consisted of Yegor Kuzmich Ligachev, comrade Scherbikov, comrade Vorotnikov, comrade Vlasov - the minister of foreign affairs, Vladimir Ivanovich Dolgikh - secretary of the CCCPSU who on behalf of the Central Committee supervised all the events performed within the ChNPP and in the field of atomic power as a whole. Somewhere around the 10th day of May, Vyacheslav Dmitrievich Svetliy arrived, who was called by Velikhov. And this wasnt because there was no such knowledge. [8][9][10] He also had two grandchildren, Misha and Valerik. This type of device came from the Ministry of Medium Machine Building where several such devices were built for special purposes and operated in the most unique way. Every specialist who invents either an upgrade for an existing system or an entirely new system must prove the benefits of such innovation. We quickly organised members into groups, each with its own task. These words were pronounced immediately and directly, Prepare for evacuation. And to carry out the tasks that I would define to limit the consequences of the accident. First, to not touch it and leave it as is with its radiation, counting on nature itself to somehow recycle it all, that is, the needles, that are the most contaminated, would fall off, after which the needles could be gathered and buried, while the tree trunks, branches, all these would remain relatively clean. Groundwater protection became one of our most important problems immediately around May. The first design mistake was that there should be at least two emergency protection systems, as required by international standards and as common sense suggests second emergency protection system must work independently, whatever the circumstances of the operator may be And finally, the third design mistake, which is hard to explain, was that all the numerous emergency protection systems were accessible to the station staff Of course, the mistakes made by the operators are well known and there is no need to list them yet again. The decision has been made and what can we say about it now. And I remember that my Finnish overcoat, which my wife chose for me after much thought, and my English suit, Legasov: Simply hung up on trees. This all had some psychological effect on Ivan Stepanovich Silaev and he authorized the works. Altogether, these were extremely important questions. My responsibilities included chemical physics, and separation of isotopes and substances, as well as the use of nuclear energy in the domestic infrastructure in the form of isotopes or something else. Legasov: He remained there, buried in the sarcophagus, while the second one did actually die from chemical burns because a fire broke out in an area. Within the last field, the actions were quite simple. At that time, the entire protection system was copied, probably from [TAPE ERASED] that existed in the industrial reactors and was using accumulated military experience. The staff began to age. The initial conclusions are that fish living close to the riverbed do, without a doubt, carry some radioactivity in them but no disturbing symptoms have been discovered. But this caused a storm in the Ministry. My first idea was to drop iron shot. I cost the government around 25 million roubles in these failed projects. After performing these initial estimates about the reactor activity, other problems began to concern to us. The Operative group had to take many decisions about accepting or rejecting help from abroad, that was proposed at some time. And on the 26th, at 11.11 pm, there was another meeting of the Government Commission that considered two issues. In reality, all this was stored in old and used books. It was clear that this was the graphite that had been burning and each particle of it carried with it a significant amount of radioactivity - so a new, difficult task presented itself to us: the graphite burns at a speed of 1 tonne per hour. The questions of international inspections, quality checks of constructed facilities, etc, to create this international procedure it is necessary to express this desire and this, in my opinion, would be right. At 11 a.m., we were officially informed that the whole city would be evacuated by 2 p.m.. All the transport had been gathered; all the routes had been identified; and at around 2-2:30 p.m. the entire city was empty. Do you understand? There were no reports of, radiation injuries and little was understood in this information. Perhaps that was a wrong decision, because some of those cars were contaminated, and the dosimetric posts had not yet been organized to control the contamination levels on such vehicles . Legasov: I saw him on the first day I arrived there. For some reason, many sources state that there was one explosion, or two explosions, or a hydrogen explosion, or a non-hydrogen explosion. And in the report I prepared for Vienna, to tell the truth, the Central Committee removed this phrase, but it was in the initial version, that among the ineffective measures was supplying liquid nitrogen. A very difficult and dangerous plant that had essentially been let loose without control. So this is what it is. However, the technological support for this complex cycle is outdated. The exciting time when a young man begins practice. AS A GUARDIAN], Legasov: Anatoly Petrovich had nothing to do with the design of the RBMK reactor at all. We are all used to the fact that this elderly, but, demagogically very active, loudly confident voice within an hour sets out, our department, it is wonderful and beautiful. Because the safety of the device in case of some abnormal behaviour For example, a positive reactivity coefficient in this device, should it start to develop, become noticeable, then the operator, and only the operator, could lower the emergency rods. But when Silayev replaced Shcherbina, and I was left, then the entire Commission, the first composition of it, left. This is the group of specific subjects I trained on. Owing to my experience, having come from other workplaces, I quickly determined the cause of this damage - a volumetric explosion of the power of 3 to 4 tons of TNT. It has all the designers; everyone remained with them, whereas the Ministry of Energy is purely an operational institution. But it was precisely such brochures, leafletssame as the Japanese ships with their products like watches, voice recorders, video recordersthat were needed in those conditions. All these instances were in our heads as individual episodes. Legasov: The director of ChNPP was in shock, from beginning to end. It was considered bad because of economic reasons. And so, along with a lot of very accurate depictions and comments, there were a lot of inaccuracies. On the second or third day, I think, I offered to organise an information group within the Government Commission. The first group was led by Alexander Grigoryevich Meshkov and it started the investigation into the cause of the disaster. The correct decision was made during the time of comrade Vedernikov. It was necessary to immediately work on zone-wise decontamination, following the guideline of going from the most contaminated areas to the less contaminated ones. Of course, much has been written about this and I myself was involved in describing the events that preceded the accident. However, I will repeat myself that the evacuation had been carried out at such a time when the radiation levels of Pripyat were not that high; and therefore the level of contamination of the items, as well as the people themselves, was also not high. This was the main cause. This was, I think, in 1985. Ordinary bulldozers and scrapers, but reinforced with lead sheets to protect the driver inside. This first meeting was simple and straightforward. And since the literature, the most precise, was western, comparing western devices to our own, this allowed me to conclude in various books and articles that although there are many problems relating to the safety of existing devices, nevertheless, they are still less than the dangers of traditional energy; with its many carcinogenic substances released into the atmosphere, with radioactivity released into the atmosphere from coal seams. This is the level of document preparation for a facility as serious as a nuclear station. All this left an impression of a sort of eclectic imagenot coherent, not complex. They started to say that they turned the cooling on, turned this or that on. The construction of Atommash had begun. And further, figures of fuel release, they are less clearly known. Because of that it seems that all the decisions were correct. And I was just delighted with the technical equipment and the culture of competence within this group. By this time General Ivanov had arrived; he would lead the civil defence group of that region and he had to organize preparatory measures for possible evacuation of civilians and for firsthand decontamination work. We were of course upset. You know, sort of similar to Freon circulation in refrigerators. Various parts of fuel assemblies were visible. Even more actually because nasty isotopes would spread, much heavier than caesium that we mentioned earlier. One thousand buses were called from Kiev, the routes were prepared, and locations where the evacuees would be taken were determined. From there, they monitored the crews that were above reactor number 4. [1] Around 910 May, Gorbachev requested a chronology of events and the cause of the accident in preparation for an interview, which Legasov provided in writing with a few edits from other investigators. This is what I was passionately working on, mainly figuring out the dangers in sources of energy alternative to nuclear energy. And he did a lot to bring about Gosatomenergonadzor, where he eventually went to work, to the organization that at least controlled the composition of the equipment that went there. A group of specialists was there also; they had arrived after the first call the previous night. So we organized a supply of these materials from our Armenian and Transcarpathian deposits and shipped them in by trains. The most interesting ones were those proposed by academy member Viktor Aleksandrovich Kabanov, preliminarily tested in the dust storm-prone regions of Central Asia. As western experts have shown after our report at the IAEA. [12]:261 He received the degree of Candidate in 1967 and his doctorate in chemistry in 1972. They started flyovers above reactor number 4 to assess the situation. All this was [incorrectly] attributed to the idea that the reactor is active and continues to emit increasing amounts of radioactivity. But at the same time, because the information was presented from a particular, specific point of view each time, the nation did not get a daily or maybe at least weekly, depending on the state of events, idea of what was going on. He always listened to our scientific discussionswhat we would talk about, what we would needand reacted instantly. As I recall, there is not one person, or group, who leads focused work on analyzing the situation in the nuclear energy industryabout how to change the usual practices of building stations, of supplying equipmentdespite the fact that such individual episodes have been happening. Because an attempt by a non-professional to bring some kind of insight into their work could hardly be acceptable. We dropped dolomite there. Two people had died, others were in hospital and the radiation conditions in the station were rather complex. He simply retired? That was it. The Government Commission's meeting was led very vigorously, in his usual manner, by Boris Yevdokimovich Shcherbina. We would need around 2000 tons of lead to be dropped into the crater of the reactor. After that, the glowing stopped and the 9th of May was celebrated on the 10th of May in a calm and normal atmosphere. All the effort of decontaminators needed to be focussed on fully normalizing the conditions in the 3rd block and also on cleaning the construction base. [7], At Vnukovo airport, Legasov met Boris Shcherbina, the head of the government commission dealing with the accident response. Even Chernobyl was quite. The first approved composition of the Government Commission, as far as I know or remember, was (apart from Scherbina): the Minister of Energy, Mayoretz; the Deputy Minister of Healthcare, Vorobiev Eugeny Ivanovich, who arrived to Vnukovo just before Scherbina from another region of the Soviet Union; and our longtime employee, member of USSR Science Academy, Viktor Alekseyevich Sidorenko. In other words, I didn't know any big or small event that the Operative group of politburo didn't know about. This wasn't rejected, but as far as I know, even now no such information group has been created. Legasov: No, allowed. This is only a specific example. A temperature at which a vapour-zirconium reaction could begin, accompanied by the generation of hydrogen was, in principle, unacceptable, be it routine work or technical conditions. Measures were taken to prevent the radionuclides from getting into the groundwater. Right before he took his own life he recorded Chernobyl memoirs of Legasov and his heavy criticism of the establishment. I immediately jumped into the car, went to the Institute and found experts on this type of reactor. Adamovich: But if left without supervision, can it, Legasov: Oh, about leaving it unattended, I will talk later separately. As we approach the 25th anniversary of the accident at the Soviet nuclear power plant in Chernobyl, it is appropriate to commemorate the life of the academician, Valery Legasov, who in addition to his indisputable scientific accomplishments, also demonstrated a total independence of spirit and complete sincerity regarding this disastrous accident. I repeat that they were invented in continuous phone conversations with Moscow, with experts who assessed, did the thermophysical calculations. Today, our measures are planned; such and such have been implemented and such and such issues worry us. But in practice, the design organisations have not strengthened, except for one, but have remained at the same habitual level of carrying out their originally-assigned duties. They then themselves went to the most contaminated areas and covered them with these solutions. He, Mikhail Sergeyevich, spoke for two or three minutes. When the first experiments in 1982 and 1983 showed that during a coastdown, the turbine does not maintain the necessary electrotechnical parameters to serve the stations own needs, nobody even thought about solving this problem from the other side, more precisely, reducing the time needed for the backup diesel generators to start and output at the required levels. As before, Eugeny Pavlovich Velikhov was fully responsible for the largest part of the institutes work: plasma physics and controlled thermonuclear fusion. It was Ivan Silayev who introduced the system of monetary rewards for doing the most dangerous tasks. I said the same to them but how can one get access to Gorbachev for a back-and-forth. And a good reactor specialist was one who had mastered the design of a particular reactor, who could ably calculate, say, the zone, who knew all the accidents that happen at a station, who could come to any facility and assist in its physical and organisatorial launch, quickly figure out what was happening there, and report to the management of the institute or the Ministry. I remember that the future Minister of Medium Machine Building, comrade Ryabev, who had replaced Meshkov in the GC, himself led the group (after receiving the recipe for preparing the solutions that could solidify and create polymeric films on the surface). Whereas our Gosplan made a potent miscalculation, based on an assumption that we have enough fossil fuel that will last for a long time and that we would practically not need nuclear energy. It must be mentioned that Ukrainian comrades initially came up with a plan to create a bypass canal that would divert all the water from the Pripyat river away from the Dnieper sea. What is the monstrosity of his design mistakes apart from the containment philosophy? Something has happened but we, as always, will handle it. and went on with his report. Just before he hangs himself, the scientist passes off a set of tapes to an unseen actor. The visible light, reflected in the sky, was the glow of hot graphite - that is how powerful it was. However, Sidorenko and I stayed behind to finish the decontamination work while Sidorenko continued to investigate the role of Gosatomenergonadzor (USSR State Committee on Supervision of Safe Conduct of Work in Atomic Energy) in what had happened and what was going on now. They often practised there. Nevertheless, the potential reserve of chemical energy in a device of this type was maximal relative to, say, another comparable device. So this issue was somewhat resolved. It seems that we all often learn, retrain; a lot of brochures are produced; a lot of time is spent on each erprise. Comrade SOROKA was Deputy to the General, Prosecutor of the USSR and Fyodor Shcherbak, the head of one of the i, divisions of the State Security Committee, was included in the composition of the, Governmental Commission, and the Deputy Chairman of the CM of. Recalling this trip now, I can say that I had absolutely no idea that we were driving toward an event of a planetary scale, one that would most likely be remembered alongside famous events like the volcanic eruption at Pompei and other such catastrophes. It, in my opinion, is wrong. For several months, the extent of the emissions from reactor number 4 was debated, even in the science community. Legasov: Well, how should I put this. I remember how during the war there were two types of daily communications which were published in our newspapers or TASS reports: where we recaptured German-occupied points, where we retreated, where we took a large number of prisoners, where we suffered a partial defeat. Viktor Alekseyevich Sidorenko had repeatedly criticised it. It would be an organisation that would be responsible for the developmental strategy of aviation. [1] Water in the lower barboteur was drained but Legasov was convinced that an explosion was not possible,[7] in contrast to what some scientists and politicians feared. Would we be breaking the law? Really, more and more global experience, that could be exchanged, was accumulated in water-water, cased devices. The shift mode of work, all that was experienced, etc.all these circumstances must naturally be described as the secondary factors. They gathered at the table and doled out houses and posts to themselves. This sums up our containment efforts. Legasov: About nitrogen. The fact that representatives of Government Nuclear Energy Supervision (GNES) were present at the station, but were unaware of the ongoing experiment, were unaware of this programmethis is not just a fact of the stations biography, but a fact of the biography of the GNES employees, and the existence of this system itself. All the crews always tried to do the assignments, no matter how difficult or complex the task was. 26 April 1986 was a Saturday, a beautiful day and I was thinking of either going to my university department and finishing something there, or maybe letting things slide and going with my wife, Margarita Mikhailovna, and a friend to recreate somewhere, or of going to the party activists' meeting that was scheduled at 10 o'clock at the Ministry that supervises our Institute, The Kurchatov Nuclear Institute. It was clear that it had been torn away, which would have required a considerable amount of force - so the upper part of the reactor hall had been completely destroyed. At the same time, numerous conversations on how to strengthen design organisations with such-and-such specialists and such-and-such approaches were heard at the Institute for a decade and a half, at professional or party levels. Valery Legasov Audiotapes (CC) - Tape 1 Part 1 - Recorded in English Aenigmaticus 1.19K subscribers Subscribe 1.4K Share 61K views 3 years ago #Chernobyl #HBO #Legasov The following piece of. The work went on as had been planned before, that is in three aspects: one, monitoring the state of reactor number 4, because the material drops had ended. Then we assumed that even if all the lead evaporates, we took the 30-kilometre zone and derived that everything [contamination in this zone] would turn out to be less than the permissible concentrations. But what caused the good spirits was the way the people had been working; how quickly they responded to our requests, how quickly various engineering scenarios were evaluated. And this no-containment approach, from my point of view, is the principle and fundamental error of the Soviet nuclear energy; not even the Soviet nuclear energy because actually nuclear energy expertsI want to repeat once more, not everyone, not unanimously, but on quite a broad frontspoke against this type of reactor, both for reasons of safety and lack of containment which also is a safety issue. So the situation has only worsened. This caused serious jealousy among his colleagues. Crosswise Salmon anteceding movingly while Thacher always distemper his croupade westernise prayerlessly, he take-overs so unsuspectingly. plant is called Chernobyl, located 18 kilometers from this regional city, very green, very pleasant, so quiet, rural. But from the contents of the telegrams, it was apparent that all this was, you know, people dreaming up things, same as we were doing here. Prezi. [1], In August 1986, he presented the report of the Soviet delegation at the special meeting of International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in Vienna. For example, Boris Yevdokimovich Shcherbina, as I remember, made such trips almost every month to monitor how the construction of Slavutych is progressing, how equipping is moving along, how facilities are being outfitted. But this was for a few days, and after a few days, everything, of course, recovered. He was a man of courage, understanding everything, but at the same time defenseless. At the same time, videos and photos of the rooms of reactor number 4 were taken continuously which allowed the engineers to select the proper solutions for the construction of the sarcophagus itself. This put the medics in a difficult position. And I have to say that five of them had failed. 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